
在科学写作中,下列哪个句子是正确的?
The students who we interviewed were all postgraduates.
The students that we interviewed were all postgraduates.
The students whom we interviewed were all postgraduates.
The students which we interviewed were all postgraduates.
假设四个句子在“The students”和“were all postgraduates”之间都包含限定性定语从句。限定性定语从句与名词(students)关系密切,但对名词起到限定的作用,使名词的含义更明确,从而暗示还有其他学生,但他们没有接受采访。
虽然句子(1)在口语中是可以接受的,但句子(3)才是正式的书面形式,因为“students” 实际上是主语-动词“we interview”的宾语。因此,需要使用句子中作关系代词的人称代词的宾语形式(即“whom”)。“Who”用于在限定性定语从句中修饰人,在从句中做动词的主语:主动语态(“The students who replied…”)或被动语态(“The students who were interviewed in this study…”)。在后一种情况下,可以把“interviewed”当作一个形容词。
类似的规则也适用于前后带逗号非限定性定语从句。“Who”在主动语态中作宾语时:“The students, whom we interviewed, were all postgraduates”;“Who”在被动语态中做主语时:“The students, who were interviewed in this study, were all postgraduates”)。在这种情况下,定语从句提供的是额外的信息,可以删除而不改变意思,并且暗示没有其他学生。
在正式的写作中,在限定性定语从句中可以使用“that” 替代宾格的关系代词“whom”,参看句子(2)和句子(3)。在非正式的写作中,可以省略关系代词而简化定语从句(“The students we interviewed…”)。
最后,句子(4)是错误的,因为“which”通常用于非限定性定语从句,在指代做主语的事物时,从句前后需用逗号隔开(“The replies,which came from five students,were studied”);在指代做宾语的事物时,用一个逗号隔开(“We studied the replies,which came from five students.”)。在这两个句子的意思中,都没有其他“replies”。
作者介绍:
Dr. Trevor Lane
理文编辑教育总监、高级出版顾问
世界医学编辑协会会员和国际出版伦理委员会(COPE)委员,在学术论文写作、投稿与审稿、同行评审等领域有丰富的经验。
语法和标点符号是被期刊拒稿的首要原因。为了确保您稿件的语言做好了发表的准备,您应该在您的研究领域内找一个以英语为母语的专家,对稿件的科学表达进行语法、清晰度和准确性的编辑。